FOR MORE INFORMATION

Hi Guyys! If have some questions in your mind, don't hesitate to ask. :)
Byeee! Finals is coming up. So, it will take some time before my next post. 

But don't expect that my next post will be posted here because I'll be posting some other stuff that teenagers could really ralate to. (exclude computers stuff) :)

Byeee! Hanggang sa muli! :D

/TaposNaRin
/Gatas
/020915

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

Each Generation of Computer is designed based on the new technological development,  resulting in better, cheaper and smaller computers that are more powerful, faster and efficient than their predecessors.

1st Generation 

Vacuum Tubes

Machine language uses 0s and 1s for coding of the instructions. The first generation computers could solve one problem at a time. The computation time was in milliseconds. enormous in size and required a large room for installation. used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

Examples: UNIVersal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC), and Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC).

2nd Generation 

Transistors

The instructions were written using the assembly language. The computation time was in microseconds. smaller in size compared to vacuum tubes.  used magnetic core technology for primary memory. They used magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary storage.

Examples: PDP-8, IBM 1401 and CDC 1604. 

3rd Generation 

Integrated Circuits

The keyboard and the monitor were interfaced through the operating system. High-level languages were used extensively for programming, instead of machine language and assembly language. The computation time was in nanoseconds.  quite small compared to the second generation computers.  multiple transistors are placed on a silicon chip.

Examples: IBM 370, PDP 11.

4th Generation 

Microprocessors

Several new operating systems like the MS-DOS and MS-Windows developed during this time. This generation of computers supported Graphical User Interface (GUI).The computation time is in picoseconds. smaller than the computers of the previous generation. became widely available for commercial purposes.

Examples:  In 1981, IBM introduced the first computer for home use. In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh.

5th Generation

Artificial Intelligence

The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop computers that are capable of learning and self-organization. The fifth generation computers use Super Large Scale Integrated (SLSI) chips that are able to store millions of components on a single chip. These computers have large memory requirements. The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). They try to simulate the human way of thinking and reasoning.

Artificial Intelligence such as Expert System (ES), Natural Language Processing (NLP), speech recognition, voice recognition, robotics, etc.

CONVERTING

BINARY TO DECIMAL

DECIMAL TO BINARY

BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

DECIMAL - HEXADECIMAL - BINARY

IN CONVERTING DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL OR VICE VERSA, CONVERT IT FIRST TO BINARY THEN DO THE SAME PROCEDURE. 

Questions? Just ask. ;)

/GottaBeStrong

BINARY, DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL.

Sick of Math? I SUPER FEEL YOU!

But be sick no more! Because when it comes to converting binary or decimal or hexadecimal, its just a piece of cake! I think... *Note: I am not good in Math tho. XD*

But before anything else, what is Binary? Decimal? Hexadecimal?

BINARY is a number that only includes ONES and ZEROS. A number that could be at any length. Also called as BASE-2.

DECIMAL is the numbers that we are used to seeing. It is consist of number from 0 to 9.Also called as BASE-10.

HEXADECIMAL uses 16 distinct symbols, the symbols 0-9 to represent the value of zero to nine and the letters, A to F, to represent the number 10-15. It is in the BASE-16.


If want to learn how to convert binary to decimal, binary to hexadecimal, decimal to hexadecimal or vice versa of any of those three. Just stay tune. :)

/StayingStrongForSummer 

HARDWARE SPECS

Hardware Specification

- this dictates the limits and maximum capabilities of a hardware/device on a given criteria or unit of measurement.

Common Computer Hardware Specs Criteria

• Main memory
• CPU Clockrate and Wordsize
• Second memory
• Video Memory
• GPU
• Audio Adapter
• Wireless/LAN Adapter
• Display Adapter

System Requirements

- minimum hardware specs/conguration of a computer to be to run a particular computer software. (e.g. Operating System)

Any clarifications? Just speak up. :)

(c) Sir Tom

/KakayaninNatin

TYPES OF COMPUTER

There are 3 types of computer: the Hybrid, Analog, and the Digital Computer. 

The Digital computer still have sub-types namely: Super, Mainframe, Mini/Midrange, and Micro computer.

There's still 2 types of Micro computer, the Personal Computer (PC) and the Mobile devices such as our cellphone etc.



here are some pictures of a computer:

SUPER COMPUTER

MAINFRAME COMPUTER

MIDRANGE COMPUTER

PERSONAL COMPUTER

MOBILE DEVICES

Got some questions? Just ask. :)

(c) Sir Tom

/KakayaninAngLahat

COMPUTER SYSTEM

So what is Computer System?
It is one that is able to take a set of inputs, process them, and create a set of outputs.


The Computer System is made up 2 main parts: the Hardware and the Software.


The hardware is made up of 3 parts namely:

• Input and Output devices
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory

While the software is made up of:

• Operating System (OS)
• Applications

You think the info is not enough or some details are incorrect? 

Then just message me through my gmail acc and answer you questions. If questions is not unswered, I'll ask our oh-so-reliable teacher Sir Tom. Hi Sir! *kaway-kaway*

/QuestionsStillUnanswered

STORAGE DEVICES

4 Most Important Characteristics of Storage Materials:

• Speed and Access Time
• How fast information can be taken from or stored into the computer memory device's medium.
• Cost
• Memory goes larger and larger as price goes cheaper and cheaper.
• Capacity
• The amount of information that can be stored on the medium.
• Type Of Access
• Sequential
• Obtained by proceeding through the storage medium from the beginning until the designated area is reached. (as in magnetic tape)
• Random Access
• Direct access.

So that's it! :)
For more questions just ask me, and if I can't answer the question I'm gonna ask some help from our oh-so-reliable teacher Sir Tom. :)

/KontingPushPa

Bit and Byte

Bit - smallest unit of data that a computer can use. It can be use to represent two states of information, such as Yes or No.

Byte - can represent 256 states of information. 1 Byte is equal to 8 bits.

this is a chart of bytes to bits.

Fact:
To put it in some perspective, a Terabyte could hold about 3.6 million 300 Kilobyte images or maybe about 300 hours of good quality video. A Terabyte could hold 1,000 copies of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Ten Terabytes could hold the printed collection of the Library of Congress. 



source: Sit Tom's pdf. :)
/Kagat

DATA REPRESENTATION

2 Types of data stored in a computer:

• Original Data or Information
• Data introduced for the first time.
• Previously Stored Data or Information
• Data that is already processed in the computer and reserved for future use.

¬¬¬¬¬¬¬

DIGITIZING - a process of taking any visual image, audio recording, etc and converting it into binary form for the computer. 

¬¬¬¬¬¬¬

Connecting hardware to the computer:

• Device Driver
• You have to install a software first for the system to read the particular device.
• Plug and Play
• No need for installation, just plug the device and now you're off!

So that's all for now. :)

/KontingPushPa

4th Quarter

Fourth Quarter is finally here. Waaah. This is the last quarter of being a G7. Oh how I wish to turn back time. :3

well, but before this quarter ends I need to finish my blog first. :3 Hue hue. :D

/CherishingTheLastQuarter

Hopes

I am hoping that my grade in Kumsay will retain or will go higher. Well, I hope so. 

/KeepingMyHopesUp

What I've Learned

I have learned so many things this 3rd quarter regarding Excel. In the third quarter I learned new formulas and functions and I also learned how to use it. I learned how to make a multiplication table by just using one formula. I already know how to make a Macro and how to convert data into charts.

I learned so many things this quarter and I am looking forward to our next quarter and which is also the LAST.

/LookingForward

New Experience

Sir Tom went to the Sapphire Room.

The story behind is that. The power in Pisay went down. Yeah, there's a generator but it is not enough to power the whole ComLab, I think.

But  it's very odd and new to the eyes to see Sir Tom standing in front of our class but in a different room. So yeah, I can't get over. XD 

/CantGetOver

Errors

If you're a beginner in using the Excel maybe these symbols are pretty familiar with you:

•  ####
• #DIV/0!
• #N/A – missing data/found no match
• #NAME? - undefined range or cell name
• #NULL! - two ranges that don’t actually intersect
• #NUM! - pass an invalid argument to a function
• #REF! - invalid cell reference
• #VALUE! - argument for a function is of an incorrect data type

You wanna avoid having these symbols in your spreadsheet? Then just practice and practice until you get the hang of it.:)

Fuctions

FUNCTION
         – A predefined formula
         – May require arguments as inputs
         – Returns a value
         – May be used together with other functions and other operations

Example
         =PRODUCT(150,8)
         =SUM(A1,A30)
         =AVERAGE(B1:B5)
         =COUNTA(A1:A101)
         =NOW()
         =MAX(Z2:Z7)
         =MIN(Z4:Z12)

(c) Sir Tom

FORMULA

Okay. I have already discussed to you the basics in using Excel. Let's now go to Formula.

FORMULA / FORMULAE
        – an expression used to perform calculations
        – begin with an equal ( = ) sign
        – Composed of operands and operators
        – May contain constants, cell references, ranges, and grouping symbols

Example of Formulas
        =96*69
        =R7+P7
        =Boys–Girls
        =A8=C2
        =B1/B7-A4+E3*3

Operators Precedence In Formulas

Mixed Operation

=15>10

=5=2

=0<>0

=8+7-3*8>5+1

=15/3-1<>(4+2)*2

(c) Sir Tom

Cell Reference

Cell and Range

• A7 – single cell
• A7,A14 – cell A7 and cell A14
• A7:A14 – range from A7 to A14 (same col)
• A7:Z7 – range from A7 to Z7 (same row)
• A7:Z17 – range from columns A to Z and rows 10 through 17

Reference Types

• Relative - automatically changes when the formula is copied down a column or across a row
• Absolute - cell reference is fixed, doesn't change when copied to other cells.
  *Uses $ sign like: $A$1
• Mixed - has either an absolute column and a relative row, or an absolute row and a relative column
  *Like A$1 or $A1 

Referencing from other the sheet

• Same file
  – Manual selection
  – Use a formula
  Ex: Sheet2!A1
• Different file
  – Manual selection
  – Use a formula
  Ex: [File2.xlsx]Sheet1!$A$1
         Absolute by default 

(c) Sir Tom

Data Types

DATA TYPES 

1. standardized representation for a particular kind of data.
2. indicates the potential range of values we can store and the operations we could perform with them.

Kinds of Data Types:

• CURRENCY : -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807 with four decimal digits of fixed precision.
• DATETIME: Valid dates are all dates after January 1, 1900. 
• LOGICAL/Boolean – true or false
• NUMBER
  – Whole Number from (-2^63) to (2^63-1)
  – Decimal Number -1.79E +308 through -2.23E - 308, 0, 2.23E -308 through 1.79E + 308
• TEXT: 268,435,456 Unicode characters

(c) Sir Tom's Presentation. :))

More About..

Of course if you want to know how to you Excel, you have to first know the different/basic parts of it for easier use.

Basic parts of Excel and their usage:

An Excel File is called a WORKBOOK.

WORKSHEET is the page you work on which is made up of grid cells.

Cell/Selected Cell is where you type data into. Cells are arranged in numbered rows and lettered columns. You have to select a cell to add data to it data/formulae can also be typed into the formula bar.

Column/Row Heading use the column/row headings to identify a cells position on the worksheet, example A7, B17. Click heading buttons to select a whole column/row of cells.

Name Box holds a cell’s selected reference number – it’s position on the worksheet.

Well, there you have it, the different parts of  Excel. 

Microsoft Excel

Our third quarter topics revolves around Microsoft Office Excel and how to use it. 

First off, what is MS Excel?

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.

(c) Wikipedia

Before, I thought that MS Excel is only used for computing grade or make a class roster because I only my mom using it for that purpose only. But I was wrong, as we tackled more about Excel, the more I learn about it. 

Excel is not only used for computing games and other teaching related stuff but it is also used for many more things.

3rd Quarter. Yeah.

Waaaah. T.T After this quarter, we're down to the last. Oh. No. T.T 

It means harder topics especially in Kumsay, Math, and Soc Sci. Nooooo!! That can't be. Please bring me back to the first quarter. Puhlease? *puppy eyes*

But on the second thought, if we're near the last quarter, it means also that we're near VACATION! Woot! Woot!